Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Fornix Stimulation Induces Metabolic Activity and Dopaminergic Response in the Nucleus Accumbens

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01109

Figure Lengend Snippet: Micro-PET imaging of fornix stimulation-induced brain regional activity averaged across 15 subjects. Brain areas with significant changes in glucose metabolism induced by fornix electrical stimulation (FDR < 0.05, n = 15). Top: Mirco-PET image of sagittal section. Bottom: Micro-PET images of coronal sections through the rat brain from AP 1.2 mm to AP –7.0 mm. PMC, primary motor cortex; PSC, primary somatosensory cortex; PVC, primary visual cortex; NAc, nucleus accumbens; and HP, hippocampus.

Article Snippet: A twisted bipolar stainless steel electrical stimulation electrode (diameter 125 μm, 500 μm exposure, Polyimide coated, Plastics One, United States) was implanted into the fornix (AP: −1.88 mm, ML: +1.3 mm, DV: −8.3 mm) ( ).

Techniques: Micro-PET, Imaging, Activity Assay

Journal: Neurobiology of disease

Article Title: Hippocampal seizures differentially modulate locus coeruleus activity and result in consistent time-locked release of noradrenaline in rat hippocampus.

doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106355

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Electrically evoked hippocampal seizures are associated with changes in firing rates of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Hippocampal seizures were induced with 10s tetanic burst stimuli delivered in the perforant path, denoted with red dashed lines. A) Hippocampal local field potential (LFP) trace, B) a spectrogram of the hippocampal LFP, C) and D) example of LC neurons displaying increased firing during hippocampal seizures, E) and F) example of a LC neurons showing decreased firing during hippocampal seizures, G) normalized changes in firing rates of the LC neurons identified based on single channel tungsten needle recordings and H) normalized changes in firing rates of neurons identified from multi-channel probe recordings. In G) and H), firing rates during hippocampal seizures have been normalized to the mean firing rate of the minute before seizure induction. I) Raster plots of all LC neurons in relation to consecutive seizures. J) Raster plots of all neurons not meeting the criteria as LC neurons. Neurons are ordered according to the change in firing rate during seizure 1. Red dashed lines denote the start and end of perforant path stimulation. Note that raster plots are not provided for a third seizure since only two seizures were evoked for some experiments. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Subsequently, a number of hippocampal seizures were evoked with 10 s tetanic trains of electrical stimulation (20 Hz, 0.2 ms bipolar square wave pulses, DS4 Bi-Phasic Stimulator, Digitimer, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Neurobiology of disease

Article Title: Hippocampal seizures differentially modulate locus coeruleus activity and result in consistent time-locked release of noradrenaline in rat hippocampus.

doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106355

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 8. Changes in noradrenergic transmission in the hippocampus were assessed using the fluorescent sensor for noradrenaline GRABNE2m in combination with fiber photometry. A-C) Perforant path stimulation induced seizures (red dashed lines) were associated with an increase in GRABNE2m fluorescence. Similar outcomes were observed in anesthetized (D) and awake rats (E), * indicates the peak response in fluorescence for one animal after a seizure. Changes were observed to be highly significant both at a group level and individual level. Changes in GRABNE2m fluorescence were further found to be correlated to changes in hippocampal LFP amplitude when cross correlating 1-s amplitude bins over the 50-s period following electrical stimulation. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Subsequently, a number of hippocampal seizures were evoked with 10 s tetanic trains of electrical stimulation (20 Hz, 0.2 ms bipolar square wave pulses, DS4 Bi-Phasic Stimulator, Digitimer, USA).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Optogenetics-enabled assessment of viral gene and cell therapy for restoration of cardiac excitability

doi: 10.1038/srep17350

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a,b ) Activation maps during electrical stimulation (1 Hz) of in vitro ( a ) and in silico ( b ) light-sensitive cell monolayers with distribution types (I, UL, UH) and delivery mode (GD, CD) corresponding to the same lettered panels in and . In all cases, time zero corresponds to the start of the electrical stimulus; black coloured locations did not activate. For in vitro cases, the asterisk (*) marks the location of the bipolar pacing electrode and the spacing between isochrones lines is 10 ms. For in silico cases, the dashed rectangle indicates the area where transmembrane current stimulus was applied. ( c ) In vitro calcium transients at 1 Hz electrical pacing, plotted overlaid as group mean ± SEM, for control CMs, ChR2-expressing CMs (GD-UH), and co-cultures of CMs and ChR2-expressing HEK cells (CD-UL) (n = 5 per group); no significant differences. ( d ) Select calcium transients from the pixel locations 1–3 indicated in (( a ), GD-UL and CD-UL) showing in vitro wavefront propagation across the monolayer. ( e ) Select voltage traces (analogous to those in ( c )) from the pixel locations 1–6 indicated in ( b , GD-UL and CD-UL) showing in silico wavefront propagation and upstroke morphology.

Article Snippet: During optical mapping, cardiac monolayers were electrically stimulated using custom-built bipolar platinum electrodes driven by a Myopacer Cell Stimulator (IonOptix, Milton, MA).

Techniques: Activation Assay, In Vitro, In Silico, Control, Expressing